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Elections in Kazakhstan are held on a national level to elect a President and the Parliament, which is divided into two bodies, the Majilis (Lower House) and the Senate (Upper House). Local elections for maslikhats (local representative bodies) are held every five years.〔(Kazakhstan ) Legislation Online〕 Elections are administered by the Central Election Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are more than 10 political parties in Kazakhstan. None of the elections held in Kazakhstan have been considered free or fair by Western countries or international observers〔(Kazakhstan's long term president to run in snap election – again ), The Guardian, 11 March 2015〕 with issues noted including ballot tampering, multiple voting, harassment of opposition candidates and press censorship. ==Election procedures and technology== In the recent Kazakh elections, many Kazakh voters were offered a choice of voting on electronic voting machines or on paper ballots. At least some of the ballot boxes used in Kazakhstan are transparent in order to defend against ballot box stuffing. Each polling place was equipped with both a large ballot box and smaller mobile ballot boxes. The latter are designed to be carried, by poll-workers, to voters outside the polling place.〔(Chapter 7 ), Article 41, Paragraph 6, of the (Kazakh Election Law ), as amended, June 2007.〕 This is an alternative to offering absentee ballots or proxy voting for voters with disabilities that prevent them from going to the polls. Electronic voting in Kazakhstan is based on the AIS "Sailau" electronic voting system developed in Belarus and Kazakhstan. This system is best described as an indirect-recording electronic voting system, as opposed to the DRE voting machines that have been more widely studied.〔Douglas W. Jones, The Sailau E-Voting System, (Direct Democracy: Progress and Pitfalls of Election Technology ), Michael Yard, ed., (International Foundation for Electoral Systems ), Sept. 2010; pages 74-95.〕 In this system, the touch-screen voting terminal in the voting booth serves as a ballot marking device, recording selections on a smart card. The voting terminal itself retains no record of the vote after the voter takes the smart card. The voter then takes the smart card containing the cast ballot record to the computer at the registration table that serves as the electronic ballot box where the permanent record of the vote is retained and tabulated. On November 16, 2011, Kuandyk Turgankulov, head of the Kazakh Central Election Commission, said that use of the Sailau system would be discontinued because voters prefer paper, the political parties do not trust it, and the lack of funds required to update the system.〔(Sailau e-system will not be used at Kazakhstan parliamentary elections in 2012 ), (Tengri News ), Nov. 11, 2011.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Elections in Kazakhstan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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